Introduction to Oracle 9i Sql Chapter 4-10 free essay sample

Introduction to Oracle 9i: SQL Name: _______ Junel L Cofino Table of Contents Introduction: I-7 Relational and Object Relational Database Management System I-10 System Development Life Cycle I-12 Relational Database Concept I-20 Relational Database Properties I-24 Tables used in the course Chapter 1: Writing Basic SELECT SQL Statements 1-4- Basic Select Statement 1-5- Selecting All Columns 1-6- Selecting Specific Columns 1-7- Writing SQL Statements 1-8- Column Heading Defaults 1-9- Arithmetic Expressions 1-15- Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions 1-16- Defining A Column Alias -17- Using Column Alias 1-18- Concatenation Operator 1-19- Using Concatenation Operator 1-22- Duplicate Rows 1-23- Eliminating Duplicate Rows Chapter 2: Restricting and Sorting Data 2-4-Limiting the Rows Selected 2-5-Using WHERE Clause 2-6- Character Strings and Dates 2-7- Comparison Conditions 2-8- Using Comparison Conditions 2-9- Other Comparison Conditions 2-10- Using the BETWEEN Condition 2-11- Using t he IN Condition 2-13- Using the LIKE Condition 2-14- Using the NULL Condition 2-15- Logical Conditions 2-16- Using AND Operator 2-17- Using OR Operator 2-18- Using NOT Operator 2-23- Sorting in Descending Order -24- Sorting by Column Alias 2-25- Sorting by Multiple Columns Chapter 3: Single Row Functions 3-3- SQL Functions 3-4- Two Types of SQL Functions 3-5- Single Row Functions 3-6- Single Row Functions 3-8- Character Functions 3-9- Case Manipulation Functions 3-11- Character Manipulation Functions 3-13- Number Functions 3-14- Using ROUND Functions 3-15- Using TRUNC Functions 3-16- Using MOD Functions 3-17- Working with Dates 3-18- Working with Dates 3-23- Arithmetic with Dates 3-25- Conversion Functions 3-26- Implicit Data Type Conversion 3-27- Implicit Data Type Conversion 3-28- Explicit Data Type Conversion -31- Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates 3-32- Elements of the Date Format Model 3-52- Conditional Expression 3-53- The CASE Expression 3-54- Using the CASE Expression 3-5 5- The DECODE Function 3-56- Using the DECODE Function Chapter 4 Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Joining Tables Using Oracle Syntax Use a join to query data from more than one table. SELECTtable1. column, table2. column FROMtable1, table2 WHEREtable1. column1 = table2. column2; * Write the join condition in the WHERE clause. * Prefix the column name with the table name when the same column name appears in more than one table. 4-7 Retrieving Records with Equijoins SELECT employees. employee_id, employees. last_name, employees. department_id, departments. department_id, departments. location_id FROM employees, departments WHERE employees. department_id = departments. department_id; Using Table Aliases * Simplify queries by using table aliases. * Improve performance by using table prefixes. SELECT e. employee_id, e. last_name, e. department_id, d. department_id, d. location_id FROM employees e , departments d WHERE e. department_id = d. department_id; 4-12 Joining Tables Using SQL: 1999 Syntax Use a join to query data from more than one table. SELECT table1. column, table2. column FROM table1 [CROSS JOIN table2] | [NATURAL JOIN table2] | [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | [JOIN table2 ON(table1. column_name = table2. column_name)] | [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON (table1. column_name = table2. column_name)]; Creating Cross Joins * The CROSS JOIN clause produces the cross-product of two tables. * This is the same as a Cartesian product between the two tables. * SELECT last_name, department_name FROM employees CROSS JOIN departments ; 4-23 Retrieving Records with Natural Joins SELECT department_id, department_name, location_id, city FROM departments NATURAL JOIN locations ; Retrieving Records with the USING Clause SELECT e. employee_id, e. last_name, d. location_id FROM employees e JOIN departments d USING (department_id) ; 4-27 Retrieving Records with the ON Clause SELECT e. employee_id, e. last_name, e. department_id, d. department_id, d. location_id FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON (e. department_id = d. department_id); Creating Three-Way Joins with the ON Clause SELECT employee_id, city, department_name FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON d. department_id = e. department_id JOIN locations l ON d. location_id = l. ocation_id; Chapter 5 Aggregating Data Using Group Functions Group Functions Syntax SELECT[column,] group_function(column), FROMtable [WHEREcondition] [GROUP BYcolumn]; 5-5 Using the AVG and SUM Functions You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data. SELECT AVG(salary), MAX(salary), MIN(salary), SUM(salary) FROM employees WHERE job_id LIKE %REP%; Using the MIN and MAX Functions You can use MIN and MAX for any data type. SELECT MIN(hire_date), MAX(hire_date) FROM employees; 5-7 Using the COUNT Function COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees WHERE department_id = 50; Using the COUNT Function * COUNT(expr) returns the number of rows with non-null values for the expr. * Display the number of department values in the EMPLOYEES table, excluding the null values. SELECT COUNT(commission_pct) FROM employees WHERE department_id = 80; 5-9 Using the DISTINCT Keyword * COUNT(DISTINCT expr) returns the number of distinct non-null values of the expr. * Display the number of distinct department values in the EMPLOYEES table. SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT department_id) FROM employees; Creating Groups of Data The average salary in EMPLOYEES table for each department. Using the GROUP BY Clause All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group functions must be in the GROUP BY clause. SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY department_id ; 5-15 Illegal Queries Using Group Functions Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is not an aggregate function must be in the GROUP BY clause. SELECT department_id, COUNT(last_name) FROM employees; SELECT department_id, COUNT(last_name) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-00937: not a single-group group function Illegal Queries Using Group Functions * You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups. * You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups. You cannot use group functions in the WHERE clause. SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE AVG(salary) 8000 GROUP BY department_id; WHERE AVG(salary) 8000 * ERROR at line 3: ORA-00934: group function is not allowed here Cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups 5-20 Using the HAVING Clause SELECT department_id, MAX(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY depart ment_id HAVING MAX(salary)10000 ; Nesting Group Functions Display the maximum average salary. SELECT MAX(AVG(salary)) FROM employees GROUP BY department_id; Chapter 6 Sub queries

Nuclear Proliferation Research Paper Example

Nuclear Proliferation Paper Nuclear weapons have not always been considered a problem in the United States. During WWII, which was a very long battle of evenly matched forces. Europe lay utterly devastated from continuous bombing, and the death toll was staggering. Pearl Harbor shocked the United States and crippled the Pacific Fleet. The success of the Manhattan Project and development of an atomic bomb was hardly seen as a problem. It was the answer to our prayers at the time, and brought a quick end to a world war. It catapulted the United States in a position of great power and out of a costly war; however, it also catapulted us into a Cold War. This is where these new weapons of unbelievable destruction become an issue to be dealt with. Nuclear weapons are a necessary weapon to remain a super power in todays international world. However there are many moral and practical issues with actually using these weapons. Morally, a countrys leadership must be willing to kill many civilians of the enemy. The bombs are so powerful they would take out entire cities, and it is impossible to perfectly aim them. There is no need to aim them carefully because there is no escaping their destruction. In addition, a decision to drop a bomb not only affects those alive now, but they punish that country for many years. Radiation hangs around and causes cancer and death for decades. Another moral dilemma that comes up is that there is no defense against a nuclear weapon. It takes the honor out of war and is almost unfair. A country must be willing to raise war to that next step in weaponry and scale, which is a huge moral dilemma. Generally speaking, nuclear bombs should result in a victory for the side that uses them. However there are many practical issues with using such weaponry. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Proliferation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Proliferation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Proliferation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For one, the land you are using it on will be utterly worthless afterwards. It would be of no value to us, them, or anyone else. In addition, you must send your ground troops in to a secure an area where the air is poison. Once winning the war you must send more young men into radiation where they may day outside of combat. Also, using an atomic bomb may result in worse outcomes. It obviously means more death, but it may lead to other things. Other countries with nuclear weapons may get involved for instance. All these issues, practical and moral, must be considered before any decision about using a nuclear weapon is made. Nuclear weapons are a problem now because of many worries. For one, if other countries achieve nuclear technology, the threat of nuclear war increases. In addition, rogue nations or dictators with nuclear weapons are a scary and powerful threat to the entire world. Feuds between countries in the Middle East would jump to a whole new level with nuclear weapons are involved. Then allies and other countries get involved for personal interests and the situation spirals downward. The problem is it is hard to convince countries without the bomb to not get one when other countries continue to keep theirs. There are many different ideas on what United States policy should be with regards to nuclear proliferation. One theory is to negotiate with countries to have them not attain nuclear weapons. To some this is better than economic sanctions or using military force. This policy does allow for less chance of aggressive behavior between countries. A large benefit to negotiation is that it means less lives lost. However this policy has been shown in the past to not work. For example, under President Clintons administration they used a policy of negotiation with North Korea. North Korea demanded food and oil among other things, and in return they would not try to attain nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, they lied and did nothing they promised. Aside from the fact that it simply didnt work, negotiating with potential threats to America sets a very dangerous precedent. It tells the world that if you make demands of the United States they will agree to them to avoid war. It not only makes us a target for glorified pandering, but it also makes us look weak in the eyes of other countries. Another policy regarding nuclear proliferation is to keep as many as we can. This school of thought comes out of the idea of mutually assured destruction. The belief is that if we have so many nuclear weapons, no one will ever dare attack us. For if they dropped a bomb on us, while we may be devastated, we would in return destroy their country the same if not worse. This policy relies on the fact that peace will be kept due to absolute fear. It also encourages countries to deal with smaller issues diplomatically for fear of destruction, and what may happen if a war goes nuclear. In addition, high amounts of nukes means less troops. The sheer amount of our nuclear arsenal should be enough to scare anyone out of war; therefore, we would need less people to risk their lives in battle. Another benefit to having large numbers of nuclear weapons is that we can base them all over the country on land, in the sea, or in the air. This would prevent any enemies from being capable of destroying all our nuclear bombs. It allows the United States to have Second Strike Capability, which is an extremely important threat to have during a time of war. Enemies will not attack us do to fear of intense retaliation. An example of this policy in action occurred throughout the Cold War with the United States and Russia. The Bay of Pigs ended peacefully only because both leaders of both countries feared nuclear retaliation and destruction from each other. Although it worked with Russia and Cuba, the downfall to this policy is that everyone has a whole bunch of nuclear weapons. Although fear of retaliation is what keeps us safe, it is hard to believe that a world with less nuclear weaponry would be worse. Another policy, which is somewhat popular, is one of anti-proliferation, but not a completely nuclear free world. This is where the idea for the Non-Proliferation Treaty came from. The treaty stated that the big five countries would keep their nuclear weapons and eventually disarm. They would not be allowed to sell nuclear weapons to anyone. In addition, the treaty stated that the rest of the world would not be able to buy nuclear weapons, but they would be able to use nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. This is where the idea of UN weapons inspectors came from, so they could monitor that everything was being done for peaceful purposes. The benefit to having this treaty is that it stops the number of nukes in the world where it is. While it doesnt get rid of them, it finally puts a cap on them. Also, it was understood that the big five with nukes would protect the other, smaller countries from any threat of invasion if nuclear weapons were needed. The problem with this idea is that you must take everyones word that they wont make nuclear weapons. In addition, Israel, Pakistan, and India refused to sign the treaty. While this policy is a good idea, it relies too much on the good intentions of people. The ideas and theory sound great on paper, but realistically the treaty is in no way an answer to the problem of nuclear proliferation.

The Benefits of Using the UC Merced Core Cumulative Essay Sample

The Benefits of Using the UC Merced Core Cumulative Essay SampleThe UC Merced core cumulative essay sample is an innovative approach to essay writing that is becoming a popular choice among college students. In this essay writing program, the student takes advantage of the tools and resources provided to them for writing this high-level course requirement. By taking advantage of online services such as online bookkeeping, it becomes easy for a student to obtain insight into the process of composing their own essays.The online essay service provided by this company can help your students in their composition of essays. It can be used in conjunction with the UC Merced core cumulative essay sample to help you ensure that the essay that is written on this topic is high quality and appropriate for this high-level course requirement. This program provides students with tips on how to get the best essay writing experience possible. It will also help students who are enrolled in the core cou rse to get rid of their doubts about writing for essays.By using the online essay service, students can take advantage of a number of tools that are useful for their composition of essays. There are many online services that provide students with strategies that will help them become better writers and editors. Using these services will make it easy for them to develop the skills required to deliver a persuasive essay that will be included in their class portfolio.One of the benefits of using the online essay service is that it can help students develop the ability to speak their mind. By taking advantage of the tools that are available, students can easily express their opinions about various topics without fear of sounding like a whiner. Through this service, they can more effectively express their views.Another benefit of using the online essay service is that it allows students to convey their opinions on a wide range of topics. By using the tools available, students can write e ssays on almost any topic without worrying about finding a topic that they are familiar with. Also, the tools and resources of this online service to help them to express their opinions in an easier manner.The overall goal of writing this high-level course requirement is to ensure that students learn how to express their thoughts in an easy manner and also gain the confidence needed to do so. By using these tools, it becomes easier for students to speak their minds without being labeled as a whiner. Through the use of this online service, students can improve their writing skills and improve their communication abilities.Utilizing the online essay service is a great way for students to take advantage of a tool that can help them prepare for this demanding course requirement. By utilizing the online service, students can be given access to advanced resources for composing essays. Additionally, by using these services, students can enhance their communication skills and develop their writing skills.While taking advantage of the online essay service is a great way for students to take advantage of a tool, it is important that they are aware of the limitations of this service and be sure to use the services wisely. The use of tools such as online bookkeeping, for example, is meant to enhance the content of the essay. Therefore, it is important that students are aware of the limitations of this service before using it.

The role of Nelson Mandela Research Paper Example

The role of Nelson Mandela Research Paper Example The role of Nelson Mandela Paper The role of Nelson Mandela Paper 1. Source A is a newspaper advert highlighting Mandelas imprisonment. It was paid for by the African National Congress (ANC) who were strong supporters of Mandela and the African civil rights movement. This means that it may have been biased in favour of the civil rights movement. The ANC wanted to show how badly mistreated the blacks in Africa were in order to gain support from many countries around the world and defeat apartheid. It was printed in 1988 when there was already quite a lot of support for the movement following the Free Mandela song and concert in 1984. This means that the ANC were probably also trying to reinforce the peoples view of apartheid and Mandelas imprisonment. The source is quite limited and although a primary source does not give any information on the suffering of the ordinary people at the time. Also it does not show how things were improving in South Africa. Without this information it is only showing one side of the argument and thus can make people have a biased view. It is most likely to be biased and unreliable, as there is no evidence to support the facts that are presented. We do however know that most of the facts presented are true from our studying of the history of apartheid and South Africa. With this knowledge we can say that the source is reliable from the facts represented but the language used to represent these facts is very charged and biased. 2. Source B is from a defence speech made by Nelson Mandela at his own trial 1963. He wanted to make a dramatic impact to create huge support for his cause. Firstly he explains why he took part in sabotage. During the speech and the whole trial he never denied responsibility for the attacks and this makes the source slightly less biased. However as it came from Mandela who was a leading figure in the rights movement it was very biased and unreliable. He only shows one side of the argument to present Apartheid in a bad light. It also is quite a limited source as it only gives Mandelas opinion on the subject and has no facts to back this up. At the end he shows that he is not an Uncle Tom by declaring that he is prepared to die for the cause. This shows that he was using the speech as propaganda as he knew that this would place him as leader of the civil rights movement and bring massive support. The source is useful as a study of Mandela himself but to a historian studying Apartheid it is not very useful at all. Source C is a table of figures concerning the living conditions of all races in South Africa. It was produced by the UN who are supposed to have a totally unbiased view on all relations but do however have a slight preference for democracy. This makes the source very reliable. The source also has a wide range of data ranging from the population to the average salary of both blacks and whites. It does however not show how the actual living conditions were in South Africa for the blacks. This makes the source slightly less useful but when studying the topic of apartheid it is much useful than Source B. 3. Source A is a newspaper advert highlighting Mandelas imprisonment. It was paid for by the African National Congress (ANC) who were strong supporters of Mandela and the African civil rights movement. This means that it may have been biased in favour of the civil rights movement. The ANC viewed themselves as a legitimate political group who had a valid call for power. They tried to shrug off all ideas of Nelson Mandela and the ANC as terrorists as this defeated their cause. For this reason they describe Mandela as a political prisoner in jail because of the colour of his skin. The advert also strikes at the government of South Africa and claims that it is outlawing democracy. They believed that Mandela was a figurehead of democracy and freedom. They wanted to show him and the movement in as good a light as possible. Source D is a short extract from a speech made by the South African Minister of Information. This title is rather like Josef Goebbels in Germany under Hitlers reign. He masterminded all of the propaganda, as does the South African Minister of Information. This makes the source extremely biased towards the whites. The writer of this speech would have wanted to show Mandela and the rights movement in a bad light to destroy its support. The government also wanted to deny the civil rights movement and its pursuit as a valid political choice. They took advantage of the acts of terrorism by Mandela and other blacks. This showed that the blacks were not at an equal level and that they were also not going about their pursuit the right way. If the government could portray Mandela as a terrorist they could remove a lot of the sympathy he had gained from all around the world. This is done by stating that Mandela is not in prison because of his politics but that he is guilty of a serious crime. This was quite a successful argument against Mandelas release and contrasted greatly to the information received from the ANC. Both of the groups had different reasons for supplying these reports and they contradict each other so that it is difficult to know who is telling the truth. 4. Source E is from a British newspaper, and is a cartoon drawn by a British cartoonist criticising Apartheid. It was drawn in 1964, which was very early in the African civil rights movement.

North American River Otter Facts

North American River Otter Facts The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) is a semiaquatic mammal in the weasel family. While it may simply be called the river otter in North America (to distinguish it from the sea otter) there are other river otter species throughout the world. Despite its common name, the North American river otter is equally comfortable in either coastal marine or freshwater habitats. Fast Facts: North American River Otter Scientific Name: Lontra canadensisCommon Names: North American river otter, northern river otter, common otterBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 26-42 inches plus a 12-20 inch tailWeight: 11-31 poundsLifespan: 8-9 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Watersheds of North AmericaPopulation: AbundantConservation Status: Least Concern Description The North American river otters body is built for streamlined swimming. It has a stocky body, short legs, webbed feet, and a long tail. In contrast to the European otter, the North American river otter has a longer neck and narrower face. The otter closes its nostrils and small ears when submerged. It uses its long vibrissae (whiskers) to find prey in murky water. North American river otters weigh 11 to 31 pounds and range from 26 to 42 inches long plus a 12 to 20 inch tail. Otters are sexually dimorphic, with males about 5% larger than females. Otter fur is short and ranges in color from light brown to black. White-tipped hairs are common in older otters. River otters use their tails as rudder while swimming. Hailshadow / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution North American river otters live near permanent watersheds throughout North America, from Alaska and northern Canada south to the Gulf of Mexico. Typical habitats include lakes, rivers, marshes, and coastal shorelines. Although largely exterminated in the Midwest, reintroduction programs are helping river otters reclaim part of their original range. Diet River otters are carnivores that hunt fish, crustaceans, frogs, salamanders, waterfowl and their eggs, aquatic insects, reptiles, mollusks, and small mammals. They sometimes eat fruit, but avoid carrion. During winter, otters are active during the daytime. In warmer months, they are most active between dusk and dawn. Behavior North American river otters are social animals. Their basic social unit consists of an adult female and her offspring. Males also group together. Otters communicate by vocalization and scent marking. Young otters play to learn survival skills. River otters are excellent swimmers. On land they walk, run, or slide across surfaces. They may travel as much as 26 miles in a single day. Reproduction and Offspring North American river otters breed between December and April. Embryo implantation is delayed. Gestation lasts 61 to 63 days, but young are born 10 to 12 months after mating, between February and April. Females seek dens made by other animals for giving birth and raising young. Females give birth and raise their pups without aid from their mates. A typical litter ranges from one to three pups, but as many as five pups may be born. Otter pups are born with fur, but are blind and toothless. Each pup weighs about 5 ounces. Weaning occurs at 12 weeks. Offspring venture out on their own before their mother gives birth to her next litter. North American river otters reach sexual maturity at two years of age. Wild otters typically live 8 or 9 years, but may live 13 years. River otters live 21 to 25 years in captivity. Baby river otter. ArendTrent / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies North American river otter conservation status as least concern. For the most part, the species population is stable and otters are being reintroduced into areas from which they vanished. However, river otters are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) because the species may become endangered if trade is not closely regulated. Threats River otters are subject to predators and disease, but human activities are their greatest threat. Otters are highly susceptible to water pollution, including oil spills. Other important threats include habitat loss and degradation, illegal hunting, vehicle accidents, trapping, and entanglement in fishnets and lines. River Otters and Humans River otters are hunted and trapped for their fur. Otters pose no threat to humans, but in rare cases they have been known to attack dogs. Sources Kruuk, Hans. Otters: ecology, behaviour and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-856586-0.Reid, D.G.; T.E. Code; A.C.H. Reid; S.M. Herrero  Food habits of the river otter in a boreal ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 72 (7): 1306–1313, 1994. doi:10.1139/z94-174Serfass, T., Evans, S.S. Polechla, P. Lontra canadensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T12302A21936349. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12302A21936349.enToweill, D.E. and J.E. Tabor. The Northern River Otter Lutra canadensis (Schreber). Wild mammals of North America (J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Introduction to Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Terrorism - Essay Example Terrorists commit crime and spread fear because of many reasons. It can be because of their weakness to fight for justice with peace and show. Terrorists want to show power and its effects to the other concerned parties. This might be the reason for the leaders to get involved into the path of terrorism but small workers opt for it because they have no other ways to go. The simple workers do not have education, job or any other means to survive peacefully. Many of the persons also are compelled to choose the profession forcefully. According to Ahmad, terrorism is an act of anger of being lonely, helpless and neglected. It is also cause of betrayal from one’s own or supporting country. According to him, same happened when the United States betrayed Bin Laden. Ahmad recommended United States should not have double standards as he thought the United States to support the state terrors sponsored by Pakistan or Israel but is only opposed when it comes to Afghanistan as they are the victim then. Considering the features of the transnational terrorism of today, it can be well said that American Revolution was an also act of terrorism. In the eighteenth century, the Americans did many of the things that were similar to the acts of present day terrorists in order to get rid of the colonial powers. Still, one should remember the great cause behind the revolution. Just war can be referred as getting into war to win the battle without any consideration of human life and their rights. On the other hand, right to revolution is giving time to adapt the changing environment, understanding core of problem and providing solutions to bring revolutionary change in human so that they can understand the effect of violence and its result. Right to revolution bestows upon providing a chance to change. Hezbollah is a Lebanon based self - proclaimed Islamic revolutionary organization. It was formed to tackle the Israeli

Comparison of Detroit and Cleveland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Comparison of Detroit and Cleveland - Essay Example On a comparable state is the city of Cleveland which is considered as the ‘shrinking city’ because of its declining economy. Detroit began its rise with the plan of Gallatin, the man who proposed the canal system in the nineteenth century which eventually caused people to travel easily to the city from its neighboring places. The canals attracted travelers and the density gradient of the city’s population rapidly rose. The influx of people in the city was economic based requiring more rapid transportation and inspiring the use of airlines to concentrate people in the city, which in turn produced economic success and cultural vitality, affecting how America was to be defined. The transport system later required the building of railroads which connected cities and states in the 1960s, similar to the canal system of Gallatin which catered to the buses and cars during that time. As cars increased, more and more people travelled on their own cars leaving those who are not able to afford the transportation to commute through bus and trains. However, the roads were more frequented by cars and the transportation system declined, affecting the economy of the city. People left the city in search of better places where they are allowed to travel to their workplaces in a faster means and this suffered the city as its economy went down with its population. On a similar form, Cleveland experienced economic failure, shrinking to one of the poorest cities now in America and considered along with Detroit as exurb. Could the two cities regain their former state? With the competition of nations and cities for success, Detroit called its foundations, politicians and city planners to look into a plan for gentrification, a design that would bring back the life the city once had when its economy was at its peak. The groups mentioned proposed wirings that would enable electrically operated